Calming Videos
Previous studies show that severe intermittent hypoxaemia, quantified by the duration, depth and frequency of oxygen desaturations, is associated with daytime sleepiness and cognitive decline in OSA patients [7–10]. However, desaturation metrics and other parameters quantifying the severity of OSA are not fully capable of explaining the impaired performance in PVT in OSA patients having shallow and short desaturations . This suggests that additional factors could explain the associations between OSA and poor PVT performance.
Chronic sleep deprivation is shown to affect the PVT performance to a large extent ; therefore, the lack of these data is a limitation. Third, we could not consider motivational aspects affecting PVT performance such as having a driver's licence or being a professional driver. These factors also affect the ESS scores, and we acknowledge that this is a limitation. Fourth, a complete record of the patients' medication at the time of measurement was not available.
Future studies will be required to develop precise techniques that can assess RBD symptom progression not only quantitatively but also qualitatively. Additionally, longitudinal follow-up studies are required to assess the relationship of RBD progression with PD, DLB or MSA onset. Scientists have assigned names to four frequency ranges of waves that can be distinguished in an EEG trace. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only.
We cannot however exclude that the loving-kindness meditation could induce changes in the activity of brain regions not accessible to be studied through EEG. Source modeling and connectivity analyses will help highlight domain-specific effects and clarify the underlying neural mechanisms. A prefrontal alpha-theta increase has been associated during wakefulness with different styles of meditative practices, including mindfulness-related practices. In addition, Vipassana meditation, has also been linked to state-related increase in posterior gamma power , and Metta meditation has been found to induce a sustained increase in gamma power over a large number of scalp electrodes . We recently found the signature of these meditation-related effects in the baseline sleep of our practitioners, as an increase in parietal-occipital gamma power in NREM sleep .
When each ear hears a tone at a slightly different frequency, your brain tries to compensate by creating the perception of a third Nature Relaxation sound. This creation of a third sound is caused by the same part of the brain that helps you determine the location of a sound. If you take out one of your earbuds, you’ll no longer hear the binaural beat.
The intensive day of practice investigated here induced a further measurable increase in gamma power that was found in the third sleep cycle following the meditation sessions. This change occurred in a parietal region overlapping the one found significant at baseline . Our results point to a different involvement of prefrontal-parietal low-frequency EEG activity and parietal-occipital gamma power in mediating the acute and long-lasting effects of meditation on sleep EEG activity respectively.
However, differences in PPG features diminished in female patients and were not as clearly distinguishable. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that higher APF and t90% are associated with a higher number of lapses in PVT. These results imply that increased APF together with more severe nocturnal hypoxaemia may provide a PSG marker for impaired vigilance in male OSA patients. In addition, findings are in line with previous studies, indicating that female sex and older age are independent risk factors for poor PVT performance. Average NREM sleep scalp topographies across cycles in control participants at the time points corresponding to baseline and meditation sessions for practitioners.
The cumulative distribution function of APF in the peak-frequency curve was computed from median spectrograms together with 95% confidence intervals via Kaplan–Meier estimates. Statistical difference of cumulative distribution functions between Q1 and Q4 was computed using a two-sided Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The model was adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , hypertension, depression, smoking status and subjective sleepiness assessed with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale . Sleep stage distributions and parameters describing OSA severity were investigated by inputting them to regression models separately.